This section of the research guide focuses on national laws and regulations that govern the collection, storage, and retention of personal data; the management of data breaches; the transfer of data across national borders; and related compliance issues. It also addresses efforts by the European Union and other entities to harmonize data protection laws and to improve cross-border cooperation in their enforcement. In addition, it covers privacy protections, as set forth in international instruments and national laws, and provides links to the websites of NGOs working to enhance online privacy.