Guides: Art Law Research Guide: Other: Government Entities, Professional Associations, Organizations & Institutes, Images of Art, and Provenance

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Government Entities

U.S. Copyright Office
The Copyright Office's website includes circulars on copyright and works of visual arts and access to copyright registrations from 1978 to present.
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)
The NEA is an independent agency that provides grants for the arts and undertakes initiatives to promote the arts. The website provides access to NEA research publications.
National Assembly of State Arts Agencies (NASAA)
The NASAA advocates for state arts agencies. The website includes directory of state arts agencies.
Smithsonian Institution
The research institute runs nineteen museums and nine research centers and makes a number of useful research resources available on its website.
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
NARA has millions of photographs and graphic images and holds many records relating to the looting and restitution of Holocaust-Era Assets.
U.S. Department of State, Cultural Heritage Center
The Cultural Heritage Center administers the responsibilities of the United States under the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. This site describes the process by which the State Department enters into agreements with other countries to restrict the importation of certain cultural property. It also contains information on import restrictions, such as a chronological chart of restrictions and information on restrictions by country, which includes the history, purpose, and text of the agreements, the official designated list of of restricted objects (published in the Federal Register), and some images of objects subject to restriction. It also has a list of current import restrictions by country including the relevant Cultural Property Agreement or Emergency Determination and the Import Restrictions in Force.
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress has over 14 million prints and photographs. Use the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog to search holdings.
National Park Service (NPS)
The NPS administers most of the sites in the United States on the World Heritage List.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
UNESCO works to protect arts and culture. It has coordinated a number of conventions to protect cultural heritage and administers a number of arts-related programs. The website includes many useful resources, such as a database of national cultural heritage laws and the text of conventions, declarations, and recommendations related to culture.

Professional Associations, Organizations & Institutes

Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts (VLA)
Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts is a New York organization that provides "educational and legal services, advocacy and mediation to the arts community". There are lawyers for the arts (unaffiliated) in almost every state (see the National VLA Directory).
American Bar Association, Art & Cultural Heritage Law Committee
Part of the ABA Section of International Law, this committee is "composed of attorneys with an interest in the field of art, cultural heritage, and cultural property law and who work in a variety of settings, including private practice, museums, government, and academia." The website includes recent issues of the committee's newsletter and drafts of its year in review. State and local bar associations may also have committees and sections devoted to art law, such as the New York State Bar Association's Entertainment, Arts and Sports Law Section.
Institute of Art and Law
Publishers of the journal Art Antiquity and Law, the Institute of Art and Law was founded in 1995 and is an "independent organisation with the aim of providing both lawyers and non-lawyers with access to information about [art and cultural property law] in the form of seminars, publications and distance learning courses."
International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR)
IFAR is a non-profit organization that "offers impartial and authoritative information on authenticity, ownership, theft, and other artistic, legal, and ethical issues concerning art objects." The website includes a few useful databases: International Cultural Property/Ownership & Export Legislation (ICPOEL), which contains laws on export and ownership of cultural property from several countries (in original language and translated); Case Law & Statutes, which contains U.S. & international case law and settlements organized by topic; and a database of catalogues raisonnés, which are comprehensive lists of an artist's works or a particular subset of an artist's works.
Lawyer's Committee for Cultural Heritage Preservation (LCCHP)
The LCCHP is "a nonprofit organization of lawyers, law students and interested members of the public who have joined together to promote the preservation and protection of cultural heritage resources in the United States and internationally through education and advocacy." The LCCHP publishes the Yearbook of Cultural Property Law. The organization has a student writing competition, publishes a Guide to Cultural Heritage Preservation Internships and Externships (members only), and maintains a directory of law school course offerings related to cultural heritage preservation.
Saving Antiquities for Everyone (SAFE)
SAFE is a non-profit organization that raises awareness about damage to cultural heritage from the looting and illicit trade of antiquities. The site has articles on various legal and ethical issues and provides links to useful resources online.
International Council of Museums (ICOM)
ICOM is a professional organization of museums and museum professionals with 35,000 members in many countries. ICOM promulgates a Code of Ethics for Museums, publishes the Red Lists, and organizes International Museum Day, among other things.
American Alliance of Museums
Professional association of museums and museum professionals. The AAM promulgates standards and best practices and has an accreditation program.

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formerly American Association of Museums
International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
An association of professionals, such as historians, architects, archaeologists, and town planners, involved in the conservation and protection of cultural heritage property. ICOMOS advises the World Heritage Committee on the addition of sites to the World Heritage List. This website provides access to many ICOMOS documents, including governing documents, its newsletter, and various reports.
Cultural Policy Center (University of Chicago)
This center "serves the arts and cultural community through research, teaching, and programs designed to tackle the sector’s most pressing issues from a unique interdisciplinary perspective." Its research and publications provide information on intellectual property law, art theft, and cultural heritage law.
Center For Art Law
Provides access to a coherent Art Law community and a centralized resource for Art and Cultural Heritage Law. It strives to connect artists, scholars, attorneys, students and related professionals through listing online resources, publications and organizations dealing with art law, legal and non-legal.

Provenance Research

IFAR explains, "the ownership history of a work of art is of fundamental importance for all those involved in the collecting, exhibiting and study of art, for determining both attribution as well as legal title."

Researching the provenance of a work of art (the origin and history of ownership), is complex and requires the use of a range of resources and tools. While this topic is mostly outside the scope of this research guide, a few resources that may help you begin are below:

Artwork Archive: Getting Started with Provenance Research
A beginner's guide to provenance research and due diligence, including a list of free online resources.
International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR): Provenance Guide
A free primer on conducting provenance research. Includes links to important archives, image databases, dealer and sales records, and other references.

AAM Guide to Provenance Research (2001) by Nancy Yeide; Konstantin Akinsha; Amy Walsh
A comprehensive resource for tracing the ownership history of works of art. Available via local academic libraries; request via the catalog.
The Legal Guide for Museum Professionals (2015) by Julia Courtney (Editor)
Includes a section on provenance research.

Getty Research Institute Project for the Study of Collecting and Provenance (PSCP): Provenance Research Index Databases
Includes the Getty Provenance Index (GPI) and their collection of Additional Databases (collectors files, recorded payments to artists, and a public collections database).
International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR): Catalogues Raisonnés
Catalogues raisonnés — scholarly compilations of an artist's body of work — are critical tools for researching the provenance and attribution of artwork.

Images of Art

ARTstor
This database contains over 1 million images and basic information about a work, including where it is located and what person or entity owns the copyright (useful for seeking permissions). ARTstor can be searched by keyword and browsed by geography, classification (e.g., prints, sculpture, et cetera), collection, or topic (e.g., women's studies).
Angelica Image Library
A database of over 58,000 digital images and 158,000 text records from the department of Art, Music, and Theater at Georgetown University. (You must login with your Georgetown credentials to access this database.)
Art Resource
Art Resource, which is also the official rights and permissions representative for a number of museums and archives, has one of the largest online databases of fine art images with over 1,000,000 images.
Bridgeman Images
This website "works with museums, galleries, collections and artists to provide a central resource of fine art and archive footage for reproduction to creative professionals." The database can be searched and browsed using a variety of subjects and categories, such as geography, emotion, religion, and by historic events (see "Anniversaries").
Europeana
A digital library containing over 48 million items, such as images of art, books, music, and videos, from European museums and other cultural institutions.
J. Paul Getty Museum
Through its open content program, this museum makes all the digital images to which it owns the rights or that are in the public domain available for free online.
Google Art Project
Images of artwork on display at some of the world's most famous museums, such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Uffizi Gallery, and the State Hermitage Museum. The Google Art Project also enables users to virtually visit museum galleries using Google's Street View technology.

Other Research Guides

The Georgetown has a number of other resources that are relevant to art law research, such as:

For a list of all the law library's research guides, see Research > Research Guides on our website.

There are other guides on art and art law research that may also be useful, such as those listed below. However, you may have to search our catalog or contact the reference desk to see if the resources discussed therein are available at Georgetown.

Cultural Property (University of Iowa Law Library)
Cultural Property: A Legal Research Guide (2012)
Legal Protection of Cultural Property: A Selective Resource Guide (Louise Tsang, LLRX) (2007)

Art Law Research Guide

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